I. Identify the kind of causality intended by the following statements. Is the cause a sufficient condition, necessary condition, or both sufficient and necessary condition?

★1. Throwing a brick through a window will cause the window to break.

2. Heating an iron rod causes it to expand.

3. Slashing an inflated automobile tire with a knife will cause it to go flat.

★4. Releasing the shutter of a digital camera causes an image to appear on the sensor.

5. Pulling the trigger of a gun causes it to fire.

6. Wetting litmus paper with an acid causes it to turn red. EXERCISES 561 562 CHAPTER 10 Causality and Mill’s Methods 10

★7. Pouring water on a wood fire will cause it to be extinguished.

8. Eating contaminated food will cause one to become ill.

9. Stretching a spring causes it to exert an opposing force.

★10. Flipping the wall switch to the “up” position causes the overhead lights to go on