Write responses to the following prompts:

Bias in studies

What are the primary sources of bias in case-control studies? How can you control for this?
What are the primary sources of bias in cohort studies? How can you control for this?
Compare and contrast effect modification with confounding.

In Assignment 7.1, you had to determine which type of study design is most appropriate to study the effects of stress across the life span of people who have a close family member with HIV/AIDS. Is there a potential for bias in the study design that you selected?