What are the processes, skills, and stages of word recognition and literacy development? How do these processes, skills, and stages relate to assessment and instruction?

Question:

What are the processes, skills, and stages of word recognition and literacy development? How do these processes, skills, and stages relate to assessment and instruction? How do these processes, skills, and stages relate to ELL students and students with special needs including those with dyslexia?

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https://www.readingrockets.org/article/phonics-and-word-recognition-instruction-early-reading-programs-guidelines-children-reading